Joshy ulysy – bul Orta Azıanyń tarıhynda mańyzdy oryn alatyn, óz dáýirinde keń aýmaqty qamtyǵan memleket. Shyńǵysqannyń úlken uly Joshy hannyń bıliginde qurylǵan bul ulys keıinnen Altyn Orda degen atpen belgili boldy. Joshy ulysynyń tarıhy, mádenıeti jáne saıası qurylymy búgingi qazaq tarıhynyń irgeli bólshegi bolyp tabylady.
Joshy hannyń ómiri jáne ulystyń qurylýy
Joshy han 1187 jyly Shyńǵysqannyń alǵashqy áıeli Bórteden dúnıege keldi. Ol erte jasynan-aq ákesiniń senimdi serigi bolyp, túrli áskerı joryqtarǵa qatysyp, óziniń qolbasshylyq qabiletin tanytty. Shyńǵysqan óz jerin tórt ulyna bólip bergende, Joshyǵa Ertis ózeninen batysqa qaraı Qypshaq dalasynyń keń aýmaqtary berildi. Bul jerler keıinnen Joshy ulysy nemese Qypshaq handyǵy dep ataldy.
Joshy hannyń bıliginde ulys tez arada kúshti memleketke aınaldy. Joshy 1207 jyly Sibirdegi orman halyqtaryn qan tógissiz baǵyndyryp, 1219-1224 jyldary Horezm joryǵyna qatysyp, Syr boıyndaǵy iri qalalardy óz bıligine qaratty. Joshy hannyń saıası jáne áskerı qabileti arqasynda ulys myqty memlekettiń irgesin qalady.
Joshy ulysynyń geografıalyq jáne mádenı erekshelikteri
Joshy ulysy Eýrazıanyń keń aýmaǵyn qamtydy. Onyń shyǵysy Ertis ózeninen bastalyp, batysy Dýnaı ózenine deıin sozyldy. Ulystyń astanasy Saraıshyq qalasy boldy, ol Uly Jibek jolynyń boıynda ornalasyp, mańyzdy saýda ortalyǵy retinde tanyldy.
Joshy ulysy mádenıetiniń qalyptasýynda túrki jáne mońǵol elementteri qatar júrdi. Bastapqyda mońǵoldyq mádenıet ústem bolǵanymen, ýaqyt óte kele ulystaǵy halyqtar túrkilene bastady. Bul úrdis ulystyń mádenı, tildik jáne etnıkalyq beınesine áser etti.
Joshy ulysynyń saıası qurylymy
Joshy ulysy bastapqyda Shyńǵysqannyń Mońǵol ımperıasynyń bir bóligi boldy. Alaıda, 1269 jyly Talas quryltaıynan keıin Joshy ulysy tolyqtaı derbes memleketke aınalyp, Altyn Orda atyn aldy. Altyn Orda Shyǵys Eýropadan bastap Sibirge deıingi aýmaqty qamtyp, soltústiginde Qara teńiz ben Kavkaz taýlaryna deıin sozyldy.
Joshy han qaıtys bolǵannan keıin ulystyń bıligi onyń urpaqtaryna ótti. Olardyń ishinde Batý hannyń esimi erekshe atalady. Batý hannyń basshylyǵymen ulys batysqa qaraı keńeıip, Eýropanyń keıbir bólikterin jaýlap aldy. Altyn Orda handarynyń bıligi 132 jylǵa sozyldy.
Joshy ulysynyń murasy
Joshy ulysy Qazaq handyǵynyń qurylýynda mańyzdy ról atqardy. Joshy hannyń urpaqtary – Orys hannyń urpaqtary Kereı men Jánibek handar XV ǵasyrdyń ortasynda Qazaq handyǵynyń negizin qalady. Osylaısha, Joshy ulysynyń murasy qazaq tarıhynyń ajyramas bóligi bolyp qaldy.
Búgingi tańda Joshy hannyń kesenesi Ortalyq Qazaqstandaǵy Ulytaý óńirinde ornalasqan. Bul kesene – qazaq halqynyń uly tarıhı murasy jáne Joshy ulysynyń máńgilik belgisi bolyp tabylady.